Qubahan Journal of Social Science (QJSS) is committed to maintaining an accurate, transparent, and trustworthy scholarly record.

Corrections

A correction may be published when an otherwise reliable article contains an important error affecting its presentation, interpretation, attribution, metadata, or understanding without invalidating its principal findings.

Retractions

Retraction may be considered where published findings are seriously unreliable because of major error or misconduct, plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, unethical research, duplicate publication, peer-review manipulation, or other serious integrity concerns.

Retraction notices clearly identify the affected article, explain the reason for retraction, and remain permanently accessible.

Retracted articles normally remain part of the scholarly record but are clearly identified as retracted.

Expressions of concern

An expression of concern may be published where serious concerns exist but available evidence is incomplete, an investigation is ongoing, or a reliable conclusion cannot yet be reached.

Published material will not be silently removed except under exceptional legal, privacy, safety, or other compelling circumstances.